PROCEEDINGS

THE SOCIETY

BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY.

JANUARY

DECEMBER, 1895.

VOL. XVII. TWENTY-FIFTH SESSION.

PUBLISHED AT

THE OFFICES OF THE SOCIETY, 37, Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

18 95.

MaSRIson ano sons, pkinters in ordinary to her majesty.

ST. martin's lane, LONDON.

COUNCIL, 1895.

President. P. LE Page Renouf.

Vice-Presidents.

The Most Rev. His Grace The Lord Archbishop of Canterbury.

The Most Rev. His Grace The Lord Archbishop of York.

The Most Noble the Marquess of Bute, K.T., &c., &c.

The Right Hon Lord Amherst of Hackney.

The Right Hon. Lord Halsbury.

The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P., D.C.L., &c.

F. D. Mocatta, F.S.A., &c.

Walter Morrison, ALP.

Sir Charles Nicholson, Bart., D.C.L., M.D., &c.

Rev. George Rawlinson, D.D., Canon of Canterbuiy.

Council.

Rev. Charles James Ball.

Arthur Gates.

Thomas Christy, F.L.S.

Charles Harrison, F. S.A.

Gray Hiil.

Rev. Albert Lowy, LL.D., &c.

Rev. James Marshall,

Prof. G. Maspero.

Claude G. Montefiore.

Walter L. Nash, F.S.A.

Prof. E. Naville.

Alexander Peckover, F.S.A.

J. Pollard.

Edward B. Tylor, LL.D., F.R.S.,

&c. E. Towry Whyte, ALA.

Honorary Treasurer — Bernard T. Bosanquet. Secretary — W. Harry Rylands, F.S.A. Honorary Secretary for Foreign Correspondence — Rev. R. Gwynne, B.A. Honorary Librarian — William Simpson, F. R.G.S.

CONTENTS.

Donations to Library

Purchases for Library ]

Nomination of CancUdates ...

Election of Members

Errata

Notices of decease of Members

I, 49, 96, 121, 122, 161, 162, 214

2, 50, 96, 122, 163, 214

2, 50, 96, 122, 163

94

95> 161, 213, 269

No. cxxvi. January.

Secretary's Report, 1894 ... ... ... ... ... 3

Statement of Receipts and Expenditure for the year ending

the 31st December, 1894 ... ... ... ... 4

Council and Officers for the year 1895 ... ... ... 5

P. LE Page Renouf {Presiiknt). The Book of the Dead. Additional Note to Chapter CIX ; also Chapters CXI-

CXVI 6-15

Robert Brown, Jr., F.S.A. Euphratean Stellar Re- searches, Part IV ... ... ... ... ... 16-36

P. LE Page Renouf {Presidoit). The Bow in the

Egyptian Sky (2) 37,38

Prof. A. H. Sayce. The Karian and Lydian Liscriptions 39-43 S. Arthur Strong. Additional Note on a Fragment of

the Adapa-Legend

44

CONTENTS. ^

No. cxxvii. February.

TACK

V. LK Page Rexouf {President). The Book of the Dead.

Chapter CX 51-56

Rev. G. Margoliouth. The Divine Name XTvr\*^ ••• 57-63 Theo. G. Pinches. The Lament of the " Daughter of

Sin" ... ... ... ... ... 64-74

Dr. M. Gaster. The Unknown Aramaic Original of

Theodotion's Additions to the Book of Daniel (III.

Commentary) ... ... ... ... ... ... 75-94

No. cxxviii. March.

P. LE Page Renouf {President). The Book of the Dead.

Notes, Chapter CX ... ... ... ... ... 97-102

Prof. E. Lefebure. Etude sur Abydos, un dialogue des Morts : le chapitre d'amener la Barque ; Traduction et Commentaire ... ... ... ... ... ... 103-119

No. cxxix. April.

P. le Page Renouf {President). The Book of the Dead.

Chapters CXVII-CXXIII 123-129

Rev. C. J. Ball, M.A. The Name Shinar, Genesis xi, 2 ;

and the meaning of Jll^T in Genesis xliii, 11... ... 130

S. Arthur Strong. Some Assyrian Alliterative Texts... 131-151 Dr. A. Wiedemann. Inscription of the Time of Ameno-

phis IV 152-158

No. cxxx. May.

Rev. C. J. Ball, M.A. The Testament of Jacob (Gen.

xlix) 164-191

P. LE Page Renouf {President), Note on Length and

Breadth in Egyptian ... ... ... ... ... 191

P. LE Page Renouf {President). The Book of the Dead.

Cliapter CXXIV 192-194

Yl CONTENTS.

PAGE

Dr. a. Wiedemann. Two Monuments with a Votive

Formula for a Living Person ... ... ... ... 195-198

Walter L. Nash. Bronze Figure of Isis, with Silver

Head-covering ... ... ... ... .•• ... 198

Prof. Dr. Fritz Hommel. Assyriological Notes ... 199-207 Prof. A. H. Sayce. Note to the Paper on Karian and

Lydian Inscriptions (j.-f6' p. 39) ... ... •.• ..- 207

P. Paul Pierret, La Coudee Royale du Musee Egyptien

du Louvre ... ... ... ... ••• ••• 20S, 209

NOS. CXXXI AND CXXXII. JUNE AND NOVEMBER.

P. LE Page Renouf {Pftsident). The Book of the Dead.

Chapter CXXV. Parts I and II 216-219

Rev. C. H. W. Johns. Sennacherib's Letters to his

Father Sargon ... ... ... ... ... ... 220-239

Miss M. A. Murray. The Descent of Property in the

Early Periods of Egyptian History ... ... ... 240-245

Alfred C. Bryant, B.A., and F. W. Read. Akhuen-

aten and Queen Tii ... ... ... ... ... 246-250

John E. Gilmore and P. le Page Renouf {President).

Coptic Fragments (Gen. xiii and xiv, and Psalm cv) ... 251-253 PkOF. Dr. Karl Piehl. Notes de Philologie Egyptienne

{continued) ... ... ... ... ... ... 254-267

No. cxxxiii. December.

P. LE Page Renouf {President), The Book of the Dead,

Chapter CXXV. Part III 273-277

Theo. G. Pinches. Water Rate in Ancient Babylonia... 278, 279 Prof. Dr. Aug. Eisenlohr. Egyptian Chronology ... 280-283 Robert Brown, Jr., F.S.A. Euphratean Stellar Re- searches, Part V 284-303

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Karian and Lydian Inscriptions , . .

The Lament of the "Daughter of Sin" (Tablet K. 41, British Museum). {Tivo plates)

The Book of the Dead. Plates XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII, XXIX. {Five plates)...

The Book of the Dead. Plate XXX

Bronze Figure of Isis, the Head covered with Silver

The Book of the Dead. Plate XXXI

The Book of the Dead. Phte XXXII

PACE

40

64

128 198

2x6

2 19

VOL. XVII. Part i.

PROCEEDINGS

OF

THE SOCIETY

OF

BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY.

6c^

VOL. XVII. TWENTY-FIFTH SESSION.

First Meeting, January Ztli, 1895. [anniversary.]

CONTENTS.

I'AGE

Secretary's Report, 1894 3

Statement of Receipts and Expenditure for the Year ending 31st

December, 1S94 4

Council and Officers for the Year 189^ 5

P. Le Page Renouf {President).— 'YXx^ Book of the Dead,

Additional Note to Chap.cr 109; also Chapters CXI-CXVI ... 6-15 Robert Brown, Junr., F.S.A. — Euphratean Stellar Researches,

Part IV 16-36

P. Le Page Renouf {President). — The Bow in the Egyptian

Sky (2) 37, 38

Prof. A. H. Sayce. — The Karian and Lydian Inscriptions (//«/«) 39-43 S. Arthur Strong. — Additional Note on a Fragment of the

Adapa Legend 44

*^

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A few complete sets of the Transactions still remain for sale, which may he obtained on application to the Secretary, W. H. Rylands, F.S.A., 37, Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

The next Meeting of the Society will be held at 37, Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, W.C, on Tuesday, the 5th of March, 1895, ^^ ^ P-^""-> when the following Paper will be read : —

P. le P. Renouf, President, " Human Sacrifice and the Theory of Substitution in Egyptian and other Aicient Religions."

W. H. RY LANDS, Secretary.

o/^^'/°u°''"'^ ^''''"'' ^^'"'" announced, and thanks ordered to be returned to the Donors:-

From the Author, G. Maspero :-Histoire Ancienne des Peuples de I'Orient Classiquc Paris, 1895.

From the Author, John D. Davis :-Genesis nnrl q. t Tradition. London, 1894. ' '"^ ^'"^'^'^

[No. cxxvi.]

SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY.

37, Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

TRANSACTIONS.

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A few complete sets of the Transactions still remain for sale, which may 1k" obtained on application to the Secretary, W. H. Rylands, F.S.A., 37, Great Ruisell Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

PROCEEDINGS

OF

THE SOCIETY

OF

BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY.

TWENTY-FIFTH SESSION, 1895.

First Aleeting, Zth January^ 1895. [anniversary.]

P. LE PAGE RENOUF, Esq., President,

IN THE CHAIR.

-^e^^-

The following Presents were announced, and thanks ordered to be returned to the Donors : —

From the Author, G. Alaspero : — Histoire Ancienne des Peoples de rOrient Classique Paris, 1895.

From the Author, John D. Davis : — Genesis and Semitic Tradition. London, 1894.

[No. cxxvi.] I A

Jan. 8] SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCILTlOLOGV. [1S95.

The following Candidate was submitted for election, having been nominated at the last Meeting, 4th December, 1894, and elected a Member of the Society : —

Mrs. (larnet Botfield, c/o INIajor Garnett Botfield, Hong-Kong.

The following Candidate was nominated for election at the next Meeting, 5th February, 1895 : —

Rev. Henry Jones, St. John's Parsonage, Ashbourne, Derby.

To be added to the List of Subscribers : — The University Library, Giessen, Germany.

Professor G. Bickell, of Vienna, was elected an Honorary Member of the Societ}-.

The Secretary's Report, having been read by the Rev. R. Gwynne, was received and adopted.

The Statement of Receipts and Expenditure for the year ending the 31st December, 1894, having been read and ex- plained by Mr. Thos. Christy, was received and adopted.

A Paper was read by the Rev. G. Margoliouth, " On the meaning of the Divine Name Yahveh."

Remarks were added by the Rev. Dr. Low\-, Rev. C. J. Ball, Theo. G. Pinches, Thos. T}'ler, M.A., and the President.

Jan. 8] rROCEEDINGS. [1895.

SECRETARY'S REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1894.

In submitting to the Anniversary Meeting the statement of Receipts and Expenditure for the year just passed, I very much regret that con- tinued indisposition has prevented my furnishing at the same time the usual Report of the work done by the Society during the same period. This I shall hope to be able to supply at a future meeting, and will ask the kind forbearance of the Members.

It will be seen from the Statement of Accounts of the Society, that the ordinary current expenses of Rent, Printing, etc., having been dis- charged, a very satisfactory balance is carried forward to the present year.

To one or two other matters of considerable importance as regards the welfare of our Society I will briefly refer. In my last Report, as in those of former years, I asked the kind assistance of each individual Member in increasing- the roll of Members. I cannot too strongly urge the advantage to the present Members and those of the future, alike, which would result from a determined effort on their part. Many Members have very kindly replied, some very generously, to the request referring to the cost of printing Vol. IX of the Transactio7is. From the amount subscribed, however, it will be easily seen that no reply whatever has been received from a large number of our Members. I can only hope that this seeming indifference will be removed during the current year, by a marked increase in the donations.

To matters connected with the Library and Offices I also referred in the last Report, to which I would again call the attention of the Members.

Several applications have been made to me with regard to the 5th and completing Part of the " Bronze Ornaments of the Gates of Ealawat." I can only regret the continued delay in its issue. It was my intention to have completed the work by the issue of the final part during the vaccation of last year. Unfortunately I was taken ill in June, which has completely disturbed the whole of my plans. Immediately I am able I shall give my attention to the publication of the final part.

W. Harry Rylands, Scax'tary.

A 2

Jan. 8]

SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL AKCII.LOLOGV.

[1S95.

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TROCEEDINGS.

[1895-

The following Officers and Council for the current }'ear were elected : —

COUNCIL, 1895.

President. P. LE PAGE RENOUF.

Vice-Presidents. The Most Rev. His Grace The Lord Archbishop of Canterbury. The Most Rev. His Grace The Lord Archuishop of York. The Most;Noble THE^^L\RQUESS OF Bute, K.T., &c., &c. The Right Hon. Lord Amherst of Hacknev. The Right Hon. Lord Halsbury. The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P., D.C.L., &c. F. D. Mocatta, F.S.A., &c. Walter Morrison, M.P.

Sir Charles Nicholson, Bart., D.C.L., 1\LD., &c. Rev. George Rawlinson, D.D., Canon of Canterbury. Sir Henry C. Rawlinson, Bart., G.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., &c. Very Rev. Robert Payne Smith, Dean of Canterbury.

Councih

Rev. Charles James Ball. Arthur Gates. Thomas Christy, F.L. S. Charles Harrison, F.S..^. Gray Hill.

Rev. Albert Lowy, LL.D. , Rev. James Marshall. Prof. G. Maspero.

&c.

Claude G. Montefiore. Walter L. Nash, F.S..\., &c. Prof. E. Naville. Alexander Peckover, F.S.A. J. Pollard. Edward B. Tylor, LL.D.,

F.R.S., &c. E. Towry Wiiyte, M.A.

Honorary Treasurer. Bernard T. Bosanquf.t.

Secretary. W. Harry Rylands, F.S.A.

Hon. Secretary for Foreign Correspondence. Rev. R. Gwynne, B.A.

Honorary Librarian. William Simpson, F.R.G.S.

AN. 8] SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCH.EOLOGV. [1S95.

BOOK OF THE DEAD. By p. le Page Renouf.

Additional Note to Chapter 109.

The later copies of the Book of the Dead add a few lines to the chapter, of which they certainly formed no part when first written. The most interesting portion of them is as follows : —

"There are writings in thy possession for the grant of fields of corn-land in which there sprouteth corn from the efifluxe s of the god Ut'eb. The height of the corn is seven cubits, the ears of two cubits ; and thou shall reap it with the Glorified ones, in presence of the Powers of the East. Thou shalt enter boldly at the mysterious portals and be purified by those who are there. "

The name of the god hieroglyphically written Ah ^^ was shown

by me (Froc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., Vol. VI, p. 187) to be Uteb or Ut'eb. Brugsch, apparently without having seen my note, came to the same result, though he identified the god with Seb. The god is really Osiris, and the text just quoted is illustrated by a picture of which various copies are found. That here given is taken from the temple of Philae.

These pictures were known from the Ramesside period, but the

conception of Osiris which they convey rj"^! nill D 1 J| {Todt.,

142, 7) is of primitive antiquity. There is a chapter among the texts preserved by the Cofiin of Amamu (pi. xxvii, 6) about

"assuming the form of corn,'' v5 v^ ' ' ' ^v\ ".Ci i, Jmtl

which speaks of "the vegetation of life proceeding from Osiris, growing out of the ribs of Osiris, and giving life to this generation of

/wwv\ \\ C ^

The same idea gave rise to the name n li "? r^ which is given

to Osiris in the Book of the Dead, in the sacred texts of the Royal

6

menr V-^ t^ - ^ ^ f O ^^S^J^^°

Jan. SJ PROCEEDIXGS. [1895.

Tombs, and in the Hymn to the Nile. But the god is also twice called a '^ 0 '^^ T 00 <>/[ ^" Amamii, pi. xxvii, S. This latter form

proves that in ] I we have a compound term. D -A- I °° The deity (in very late times) appears in the feminine gender

[The Chapter which in the printed copy of the Turin Todien- buch is numbered no interrupts the series of chapters on the Powers of certain localities. The translation of it is reserved till that of these chapters is completed.]

CHAPTER CXI

is only a repetition of Chapter loS.

CHAPTER CXn.

Chapter luhereby one kiwwcth the Poivers of Fu. (i)

Oh thou of corpselike form who art in Chait and An pit : (2) thou goddess of the Net, (3) who art in Pu ; ye who preside over the untilled lands, ye stars and constellations (4) . . . Know ye wherefore Pu hath been given to Horus ?

I know it if ye know it not.

It was Ra who gave it to him in amends of the blindness in his eye, in consequence of what Rii said to Horus : " Let me look at what is happening in thine eye to-day," and he looked at it.

Ra said to Horus, " Look, pray, at that black swine."'

He looked, and a grievous mishap afflicted his eye.

Horus said to Ra, " Lo, my eye is as though the eye of Suiu had made a wound in my own eye." And he grieved in his heart.

And Ra said to the gods, " Let him be laid upon his bed, that he may recover."

It was Sutu who had taken the form of a black swine, and he wrought the wound which was in the eye of Horus.

And Ra said to the gods, "The swine is an abomination to Florus; may he get well." And the swine became an abomination to Horus.

7

Jan. S] society OF BIBLICAL ARCILEOLOGV. [1S95.

And the circle of gods said, who were with him when Horus came to Hght in his own children: (6) "Let the sacrificiaH-ictims (7) for him be of his oxen, of his goats, and of his swine."

As for Emsta, Hapi, Tuamautef, Kebhsenuf, Horus is their father and Isis their mother.

And Horus said to Ra, "Give me then two (8) brothers in Pu and two brothers in Nechen, of this my own body ; and that tliey may be with me as an everlasting renewal, through which the earth flourisheth and storms are quenched."

And his name became that of Horus upon his Column,

I know the Powers of Pu : they are Horus, Emsta and Hapi.

Notes.

1. On the situation of/'//, see chapter iS, note 6. The Pyramid Texts (Pepi I, 684) speak of the i^ %, ^ 0 4]- % ° " tl'^ose of the Red Crown who are in Pu."

2. Thou of corpselikc form in CJiait and AiipU. The sign of the plural, here as elsewhere, is quite consistent wiih its application to a

single person. ]1 ^ CZ/rt-// is the name* of the i6th, or Men-

desian, Nome of Northern P^gypt, and Anpit was its metropolis. The nome is mentioned in the inscription of Amten in the third dynasty. The god is Osiris. He is invoked in the "Lamentations of Isis and Nephthys," and asked to come to Tattu, Anpit and Chait, which are but different names of one Sanctuary, Cf. Brugsch, Zeitsclir., 187 1, p. 81, and his translation of the Mendesian Tablet, Zeitsc/ir., 1875.

3. Thou goddess of the Net oA4|- ® (|[) ^ J| I . This name corres- ponds to the Greek Diktynna. The reason why a goddess repre- senting Heaven should be so called may be understood by the Homeric epithet Tro\vwTrdi> applied to a net.

If, however, the deity was ?nale, according to the other reading, the reference is to to// T/yv ''lo-ffov rpo^i/nov A/ktlh', who was drowned in the river. Plut., de Isidc and Os., 8.

4. Ye 7C'ho preside, etc. Brugsch {Zeilschr., 1876, p. 3) identifies

with the ylriXoTOTTos- of the Demotic

the Egyptian p^,p^^

* Not Hdniehit, which is the name both of the Uti of the nome and of the goddess worshipped in it, whose emblem is the fish "^^j) ,

8 ^

Jan. 8] , PROCEEDINGS. [1S95.

and Greek contracts. The remainder of this invocation is so corrupt that the sense cannot be safely guessed at.

5. See Herodotus, II, 47, without attaching too much importance to details. The pig was certainly not considered impure (fitapos) in the days of the third or fourth dynasty, when Amten, who had risen to the highest dignities, enumerates swine among the domestic animals it is natural to possess. And impure animals were not offered in sacrifice. But long before the days of Herodotus a change had taken place in the Egyptian religion as to the nature of Sutu.

Plutarch and Aelian are to be read with the like caution. Some of their information is correct, but it is mixed up with much error.

6. The variants ^5 ^ ^ 1 and '^ %:> ^ ^ J) I are note- worthy.

7. Sacrifical victims [JM ''^'^P^ I. The substitution in Egypt

of animal for human sacrifice is (I believe) entirely without foundation. And the supposed evidence of human sacrifices drawn from certain pictures has (I believe) been misinterpreted.

8. The four children of Horus were also his brothers. He asks for /?£'(? of them to be with him in each of his two cities, Pu and Nechen. The true sense of the passage is entirely lost in the later recensions and in translations made from them.

CHAPTER CXIII.

Cliaptcr whereby one knoiueth tJie Foivcrs of Neclien. (i)

I know the Mystery of Nechen : Horus, and that which his mother did (2) for him, when she herself uttered the cry : " Let Sebak, the Lord of the Marshes, be brought to us."

He cast the net for them and he found them, and his mother made them fast in their places.

Sebak, the Lord of the Marshes, said : " I sought and I found the traces of them under my fingers on the strand. I netted them in a powerful net, as the net proved to be."

And Ra said : " Verily, those are fishes in the hands of Sebak. and he hath found the two arms of Horus for him, which had become fishes." (3)

And Ra said : " A mystery, a mystery, in the Net."

9

Jan. S] society OF BIBLICAL ARCII.KOLOGV. [1895.

And the hands of Horus were brought to him, and displayed before his face, on the feast of the fifteenth day of the month : when the fishes were produced.

Then Ra said : " I grant Nechen to Horus, in the place of his two arms ; that his two hands be displayed before his face in Nechen ; and I grant to him whatsoever is therein comprised on the feast of the fifteenth day of the month."

And Horus said : " Be it granted to me that Tuamautef and Kebhsenuf be taken with me, and that they be guards of my body in dutiful service. (4) Let them be this under the god of Nechen." And Ra said : Be that granted to thee, there and in Sati, and let that be done for them which is done for those who are in Nechen ; yea, they are asking to be with thee.

And Horus said : Be they with thee, so that they l)e with me to listen to Sutu invoking the Powers of Nechen : " Be it granted to me that I may make my entry among the Powers of Nechen."

I know the Powers of Nechen: they are Horus, Tuamautef, and Kebhsenuf.

Notes.

1. Nechen, the chief hieroglyphic variants ot which are

/vw/v. and ® , was situated in the third nome ( /Q\ Ten) of

Upper Egypt, and was called by the Greeks Hieraconpolis, 'city of the Hawks,' from the hawk-headed divinities mentioned in this chapter as Powers of Nechen, and of which numberless pictures are found on the monuments.

2. Between these words and those wliich the three old papyri* Aa, Ac, and Il>, which unfortunately do not agree together on all points, have a few passages here which do not appear in the later papyri. They read, " Horus and what his mother did, tossing in

distressful agitation (^ "^v 1\ \j^ , KIJUL, aaX^viaOui) over the

water." The mother then addresses persons who are not named, in words of which the sense is not clear; and Ra speaks words of

*" There is a copy of the chapter in the tomb of Cha-em-hait, which is our oldest authority. But it is unfortunately mutilated, and all that can be said is, tliat if the additional words were once there, they have been destroyed.

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which the only certain ones are "the son of Isis." Then foUowb the usual text.

3. This legend of Nechen is connected with that of the dis- memberment of Horus (to Trefu Thi>"Qf)ov cia^c\i(T^iuv), of which \ve have but very scanty information.* It must have been like a repe- tition of what had happened to his father Osiris. The limbs of Horus had been thrown into the water, and when Sebak threw his net, at the prayer of Isis, he brouglit up two fishes, into which the arms of Horus had been turned.

Reminiscences of this story are preserved in the names of several

localities, •^^^^i^', "Two Fish," is the name of the J/<?r of the second

Northern Nome, and of \.h.Q pe/m of the seventeenth Southern Nome ;

just as -<2>-, "Two Eyes," is the name of \\\G:pehji of the eleventh

Northern Nome. The latter name may perhaps have reference to Osiris, but the same stories were probably told of both divinities.

4. On dutiful service [I , a word omitted in the Turin

and other texts. Brugsch {Rev. Egypt., I, 22) has discussed the sense of this word, and quoted numerous passages in illustration of it.

It is of course ridiculous to identify the word with the Hebrew 7^t^,the meaning of which is radically different.

CHAPTER CXIV.

Chapter ivhereby one knoweth the Powers of Hcrinopolis.

Maat is borne (i) over the Arm, (2) and Neith dawneth at Ment'ait, (3) and the Eye is illumined {4) by the one who adjustclh its level.

I am led in by her, and I know what she bringeth from Kasu. (5) I tell it not to men ; I repeat it not to gods.

I am come as a messenger of Ra, to make fast Maat upon the Ani), for the dawning of Ncith at Ment'ait, and for restoring the Eye to him who taketh the reckoning thereof.

I am come as omnipotent through the knowledge of the Powers of Hermopolis, who love the Powers which you love.

* The Apis tablets {Zeitschr., 1S82, p. 22) give tlie name of a place Fa-litrk- cn Hor, which seems to refer to this catastrophe ; the Coptic KOpX, KCUpX corresponding to the Greek kKKOiTTUv, tKK\ai>, KaTaaTrdaOai.

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I am one acquainted with Maat made firm and permanent and reckoned out, and I take delight in reckoning out that which is reckoned.

Hail ye Powers of Hermopolis, small at the beginning of the month and great upon the Fifteenth Day ; Ra teacheth the mysteries of Night, and be it known to you that he who teacheth me is Thoth.

Hail ye Powers of Hermopolis as I know you.

Notes.

There are two chapters (i 14 and 1 16) of " the Powers of Hermo- polis," and they have been preserved separately both in the older and in the more recent papyri. They are very similar in thought but differently worded, and each throws a certain light upon the other, without however dispelling the obscurity of this very ancient religious compositioPi, Some farther help, however insufficient, is afforded by the pictures of the Book which records the passage of the Sun-god through the twelve hours of the night.

,_ _ . , n o^m • , , n ' '''■ ' rW- ,

I. Alaat IS borne. I 1 w 1 is the same word as I /^ , the

1 i, a 1 r— rr-i ]

reduplicated form of \\ ^ to gusJi, spr'nit; forth. But in certain

cases it acquires the sense of being borne., or conveyed.^ and is written

I v^ in Ptolemaic inscriptions. The corresponding word in

chapter 116 is It v\ , which has the same meanintis. One

of the pictures above alluded to (Lefebure, Hypogces, Tombeau de Seti, part IV, pi. 31) represents a boat carrying the Moon-disk, raised upon a stand.

A personage kneeling behind is supporting the feather of Maat.

The words l11^ \ci , which are written by way of ex])lanation,

might give rise to some misunderstanding were it not for considera- tions mentioned in the following note.

2. T/ie Arm i^^:^^ in chaiJter 114 has for corresponding word 9 v\ in chapter 116, implying that Arm is to be taken

in a geographical sense, as when we speak of an 'arm of the sea.' Now the pictures which have been sj^oken of have the words

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^T--~Si ^^ —"— , 'arm of the Urnes,' inscribed ever the stream down

which the Sun-god takes his nightly journey.

These pictures have only the value of a commentary on a very ancient text, but they are at least as old as the earliest papyrus which contains the text.

3. Ment'ait (K^ o^ ' ^^ ^^^ ancient reading in chapter 114,

but the later texts have !^ 1 I", Tar. Chapter 116 has y <rz=» O ^

^^ o ,, , . Ok^ ^ 5 J^lat an.

4. Illuiiiiiicd. The texts are discordant as to the reading. I follow that of the two old papyri which have ? 1 — ^ ; though this

A o y

orthography, however defensible, is somewhat suspicious.

K. Kasu. KSJ 1 , the 'Burial Place,' was the metropolis of

yrwA <«>

the 14th Nome of Southern Egypt. Dendera is called iTJ D

"^^Tfl^ 1<^ and in more ordinary characters (I v\

X n ° I 6^ • ^^^^ very many other geographical names, it has the feminine form in o, as well as the masculine in

CHAPTER CXV.

Chapter ivherehy one cometh forth into Heaven, and openeth the Avunehit: and whereby the Powers of Heliopolis are knoivn.

I have grown from yesterday, a Great one among the Great. I have raised myself above all things that come into being.

The Face is revealed to the Eye of the Only One, and the round of darkness is broken through. I am one of you.

I know the Powers of Heliopolis. Dolh not the All-ijowerful One (i) issue from it like one who extendeth a hand to us?

It is with reference to me that the gods say : Lo, the afflicted one is heir of Heliopolis !

I know on what occasion the I>ock of the Male child (::) was made.

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Ra was speaking with Amhauf, (3) and a blindness came upon him.

Ra said to Amhauf : Take the spear, oh offspring of Men. (4) And Amhauf said : The spear is taken.

Two brethren came into being : they were Heb-ril and Sotem- anes, whose arm resteth not ; and he assumed the form of a female with a lock, which became the Lock in Heliopolis.

Active and powerful is the heir of the temple ; the Active one of Heliopolis. The flesh of his flesh (5) is the All-seer, for he hath the might divine as the Son whom the Father hath begotten. And his will is that of the Mighty one of Heliopolis.

I know^ the Powers of Heliopolis ; they are Rii, Shu and Tefnut.

Notes.

The ancient text of this chapter has most unfortunately been lost. A few words only remain in the fragments of Papyrus Pm. M. Naville has also published what is found on an ostracon of the time of the XVHIth dynasty. There is no doubt that the form of the text which has been handed down in the later papyri has suffered great alterations. And a comparison between the Turin and Cadet papyri shows in how untrustworthy a way this later form of the text has been transmitted.

Special attention has been given to this chapter by Mr. Goodwin {Zeifschr., 1873, p. 104), and by M. Lefebure {Melanges d'Arch., 1874, p. 155), whose work is very much more valuable than that of his English colleague. But the most important study bearing on the relations between the older and the more recent recension is that of M. Naville, 'Un ostrakon e'gyptien,' in the first volume of the Annales dii Musee Guimet.

I. All powerful One, -^^ c^ ^. M. Naville observes that this is substituted for -^^ _->^ , which is found on the ostrakon.

Both terms are divine names ; the latter corresponding to the Greek 7ro\vfif>K)'i>f or 77rn'r<y)A.)yv, was the title of the high priest of Heliopolis who, like his priestly colleagues all over Egypt, bore the titles of the god whom they represented.

2. TAe Lock of the Male child, Q vj v ^i Yh '^^^^ _^^ , is not

a ' curly wigged woman,' as generally interpreted, but the side lock

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borne by Horus, and princes and princesses, as well as by other l)riests and priestesses, in honour of Horus.

3. Avihaiif^ of whom nothing else is known, is called 'king' only by a fault of transcription in MSS.

4. O offspriiv:;. I follow the Papyrus Luyne in omitting the I)reposition <rr>.

5. The flesh of his flesh, or the heir of his heir. This may Ijerhaps be an assertion as to the hereditary succession of the high priest of Heliopolis.

CHAPTER CXVI.

Cliapter 7oherel>y one hnoiveth the Power of Herniofolis.

Neith dawneth forth in Mat'at, and Maat is conveyed upon the Arm of the Eater of the Eye by him who reckoncth it out.

I know it, and I am therefore led in through the Sem priest.

I tell it not to men, T repeat it not to the gods (and conversely).

I enter as one who knoweth not, and seeth not.

Hail, ye gods who are in Hermopolis. Know ye me as I know Neith, that the Eye may be made firm and permanent. I take delight in reckoning out that which is reckoned.

I know the Powers of Hermopolis who are great at the beginning of the month, and diminished at the fifteenth day.

They are Thoth the Unseen, Sau and Tmu.

If this chapter be knoivii, filth is avoided, and lye is not drunken.

Note.

This is the last of the chapters concerning the Powers of certain places. Of their positive antiquity there can be no doubt, whatever alterations they may have undergone. But they are relatively modern with respect to other chapters, e.^., the 17th. Mr. Goodwin used to compare them with Christian legends of the medireval ])eriod. These are ancient enough as far as we ourselves are concerned, but no one would think of judging by them of i)rimitivc Christianitv.

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EUPHRATEAN STELLAR RESEARCHES.

By Robert BroWxV, Junr., F.S.A.

Tart IV. The Tahld JF.A.I., Ill, Ivii, No. 5. Another much mutilated fragment of this Inscri])tion refers to portents and circumstances connected with the rising of Dilbat {Venus), the constellation Mastabba (apparently " the 7V{:7//.r," near